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Isobars are atoms of different chemical elements that have the same number of nucleons. Correspondingly, isobars differ in atomic number (or number of protons) but have the same mass number. An example of a series of isobars is 40 S, 40 Cl, 40 Ar, 40 K, and 40 Ca. While the nuclei of these nuclides all contain 40 nucleons, they contain varying ...
In physics, mirror nuclei are a pair of isobars of two different elements where the number of protons of isobar one (Z 1) equals the number of neutrons of isobar two (N 2) and the number of protons of isotope two (Z 2) equals the number of neutrons in isotope one (N 1); in short: Z 1 = N 2 and Z 2 = N 1.
Protein folding problem: Is it possible to predict the secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of a polypeptide sequence based solely on the sequence and environmental information? Inverse protein-folding problem: Is it possible to design a polypeptide sequence which will adopt a given structure under certain environmental conditions?
Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-15, and oxygen-16 in the table above. Isobars are nuclides with the same number of nucleons (i.e. mass number) but different numbers of protons and neutrons. Isobars neighbor each other diagonally from lower-left to upper-right. Examples include carbon-14, nitrogen-14, and oxygen-14 in the table above.
Beta-decay stable isobars are the set of nuclides which cannot undergo beta decay, that is, the transformation of a neutron to a proton or a proton to a neutron within the nucleus. A subset of these nuclides are also stable with regards to double beta decay or theoretically higher simultaneous beta decay, as they have the lowest energy of all ...
), have two odd–even stable isotopes each. This makes a total of 30×1 + 9×2 = 48 stable odd–even isotopes. The lightest example of this type of nuclide is 1 1 H (protium) as zero is an even number while the heaviest example is 205 81 Tl. There are also five primordial long-lived radioactive odd–even isotopes, 87 37 Rb, [9] 115 49 In ...
Isobars are nuclides having the same mass number (i.e. sum of protons plus neutrons): e.g. carbon-12 and boron-12. Nuclear isomers are different excited states of the same type of nucleus. A transition from one isomer to another is accompanied by emission or absorption of a gamma ray, or the process of internal conversion.
The results of these two process examples illustrate the difference between the fraction of heat converted to usable work (mgΔh) vs. the fraction converted to pressure-volume work done against the surrounding atmosphere. The usable work approaches zero as the working gas pressure approaches that of the surroundings, while maximum usable work ...