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A typical fluid catalytic cracking unit in a petroleum refinery. Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is the conversion process used in petroleum refineries to convert the high-boiling point, high-molecular weight hydrocarbon fractions of petroleum (crude oils) into gasoline, alkene gases, and other petroleum products.
Fluid catalytic cracking is a commonly used process, and a modern oil refinery will typically include a cat cracker, particularly at refineries in the US, due to the high demand for gasoline. [10] [11] [12] The process was first used around 1942 and employs a powdered catalyst. During WWII, the Allied Forces had plentiful supplies of the ...
Here catalysts were used to reduce petroleum to simpler compounds through a process known as cracking. The invention of this technology made it possible to significantly increase the production of various fuels in the United States. [4] Today, fluidized bed reactors are still used to produce gasoline and other fuels, along with many other ...
These are used for high-temperature FT synthesis (nearly 340 °C) to produce low-molecular-weight unsaturated hydrocarbons on alkalized fused iron catalysts. The fluid-bed technology (as adapted from the catalytic cracking of heavy petroleum distillates) was introduced by Hydrocarbon Research in 1946–50 and named the 'Hydrocol' process.
Steam cracking is a petrochemical process in which saturated hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter alkenes (or commonly olefins ), including ethene (or ethylene ) and propene (or propylene ).
Hydroskimming is one of the simplest types of refinery used in the petroleum industry [1] and still represents a large proportion of refining facilities, particularly in developing countries. [2] A hydroskimming refinery is defined as a refinery equipped with atmospheric distillation , naphtha reforming and necessary treating processes. [ 3 ]
The cracking processes especially fluid catalytic cracking and steam cracker produce high-purity mono-olefins from paraffins. Typical operating conditions use chromium (III) oxide catalyst at 500 °C. Target products are propylene, butenes, and isopentane, etc. These simple compounds are important raw materials for the synthesis of polymers and ...
The cracking, isomerisation, and reformation of hydrocarbons to form appropriate and useful blends of petrol. In automobiles, catalytic converters are used to catalyze three main reactions: The oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide: 2CO(g) + O 2 (g) → 2CO 2 (g) The reduction of nitrogen monoxide back to nitrogen: