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Birth is also much more complicated; their babies have a higher rate of suffering problems such as preterm birth, low birth weight and congenital abnormalities. [18] Teenage pregnancy and childbirth is an important adolescent health issue in Australia due to long-term negative psychological outcomes for both mother and child and its association ...
Tentative evidence indicates that health warnings on vaping products may influence users to give up vaping. [24] As of 2020, the efficacy and safety of vaping for quitting smoking during pregnancy was unknown. [153] No research is available to provide details on the efficacy of vaping for quitting smoking during pregnancy. [130]
Vaping was reported to have comparable levels of nicotine urinary metabolites to those who were tobacco and smokeless tobacco product users. [222] Though, the oxidative nicotine metabolites were less in those who were vaping. [222] Evidence indicates that some vaping products may deliver the same amount of nicotine as traditional cigarettes. [243]
Vaping has slightly declined among teens. The use of e-cigarettes among high schoolers decreased from 14.1% to 10% from 2022 to 2023, the 2023 National Youth Tobacco Survey found.
Early puberty may represent a critical window of physiological changes in boys, scientists say Boys who smoke and vape ‘risk passing on damaged genes to their children’ Skip to main content
On the other hand, the teen birth rate is very high in Bulgaria and Romania. In 2015, Bulgaria had a birth rate of 37 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. Romania had a birth rate of 34 per 1,000 women aged 15–19. [138] The teen birth rate of these two countries is even higher than that of underdeveloped countries like Burundi and Rwanda. [138]
Notably, the effect of parental smoking can differ by a few important factors. There was a greater effect of father smoking on boys than girls, the effects of the father smoking depended on if the father lived at home with the adolescent, and there was a greater effect of parental smoking on youth under the age of 13. [25]
Australia is developing regulations on e-cigarettes. [169] Laws vary across Australia's states and can conflict. In April 2014 a court decision made it illegal to sell or supply e-cigarettes regardless of their appearance or nicotine content (even if zero) in Western Australia. [170] Previously they were banned if they looked like cigarettes.