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Automatic summarization is the process of shortening a set of data computationally, to create a subset (a summary) that represents the most important or relevant information within the original content. Artificial intelligence algorithms are commonly developed and employed to achieve this, specialized for different types of data.
ROUGE, or Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation, [1] is a set of metrics and a software package used for evaluating automatic summarization and machine translation software in natural language processing. The metrics compare an automatically produced summary or translation against a reference or a set of references (human-produced ...
Text mining, text data mining (TDM) or text analytics is the process of deriving high-quality information from text. It involves "the discovery by computer of new, previously unknown information, by automatically extracting information from different written resources." [1] Written resources may include websites, books, emails, reviews, and ...
The bag-of-words model (BoW) is a model of text which uses an unordered collection (a "bag") of words.It is used in natural language processing and information retrieval (IR).
Orange: A component-based data mining and machine learning software suite written in the Python language. PSPP: Data mining and statistics software under the GNU Project similar to SPSS; R: A programming language and software environment for statistical computing, data mining, and graphics. It is part of the GNU Project.
In mathematics, summation is the addition of a sequence of numbers, called addends or summands; the result is their sum or total. Beside numbers, other types of values can be summed as well: functions , vectors , matrices , polynomials and, in general, elements of any type of mathematical objects on which an operation denoted "+" is defined.
Pairwise summation is the default summation algorithm in NumPy [9] and the Julia technical-computing language, [10] where in both cases it was found to have comparable speed to naive summation (thanks to the use of a large base case).
The input and output domains may be the same, such as for SUM, or may be different, such as for COUNT. Aggregate functions occur commonly in numerous programming languages, in spreadsheets, and in relational algebra. The listagg function, as defined in the SQL:2016 standard [2] aggregates data from multiple rows into a single concatenated string.