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Racial identity development defines an individual's attitudes about self-identity, and directly affects the individual's attitudes about other individuals both within their racial group(s) and others. Racial identity development often requires individuals to interact with concepts of inequality and racism that shape racial understandings in the US.
The White racial identity attitude scale was developed by African American Psychologists, Janet Helms and Robert Carter in 1990. It was designed and consists of 50 items to help understand the attitudes reflecting the five-status model of the White racial identity development (contact, disintegration, reintegration/pseudo independence, immersion/emersion, and autonomy). [5]
With some few exceptions, ethnic and racial identity development is associated positively with good psychological outcomes, psychosocial outcomes (e.g., better self-beliefs, less depressive symptoms), academic outcomes (e.g., better engagement in school), and health outcomes (e.g., less risk of risky sexual behavior or drug use).
William E. Cross Jr. (1940 - December 5, 2024) was a theorist and researcher in the field of ethnic identity development, specifically Black identity development. [1] He is best known for his nigrescence model, first detailed in a 1971 publication, and his book, Shades of Black, published in 1991.
Described as a "process oriented model for describing the racial consciousness of white Americans", the study was a forerunner for later process and data-led models. [20] In 1990, the White Racial Identity Development by Janet E. Helms explored the perceptions and self-identification of white people. [21]
In order to delve further into the topic of racial formation, practitioners explore the question of what "race" is. Racial formation theory is a framework that seeks to deconstruct race as it exists today in the United States. To do this, the authors first explore the historical development of race as a dynamic and fluid social construct. This ...
This study was conducted by four psychologists and "explored essential themes of racial identity development among 10 self-identified multiracial adults from a variety of backgrounds." In the study, participants were chosen through a half-structured protocol, [ clarification needed ] interviewed in a recorded session.
In some cases, this can motivate misclassified individuals to participate in political action on behalf of their racial group or join a race-based organization to signal their in-group solidarity. [39] Additionally, they may also experience discrimination against a racial/ethnic identity or identities they do not hold. [45] [46]