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The radial distribution function is an important measure because several key thermodynamic properties, such as potential energy and pressure can be calculated from it. For a 3-D system where particles interact via pairwise potentials, the potential energy of the system can be calculated as follows: [6]
To find a more precise measure of the mass requires knowledge of the inclination of the planet's orbit. A graph of measured radial velocity versus time will give a characteristic curve (sine curve in the case of a circular orbit), and the amplitude of the curve will allow the minimum mass of the planet to be calculated using the binary mass ...
Hydrostatic weighing, also referred to as underwater weighing, hydrostatic body composition analysis and hydrodensitometry, is a technique for measuring the density of a living person's body. It is a direct application of Archimedes' principle , that an object displaces its own volume of water.
stands for muscle density; PCSA relates the force produced by the muscle to the summation of the forces produced along the force generating axis of each muscle fiber and is largely determined by the pennation angle. [3] [8] Fiber length is also a key variable in muscle anatomy.
Radial velocity curve with peak radial velocity K=1 m/s and orbital period 2 years. The peak radial velocity is the semi-amplitude of the radial velocity curve, as shown in the figure. The orbital period is found from the periodicity in the radial velocity curve. These are the two observable quantities needed to calculate the binary mass function.
A better estimate is provided by the total area of the cross-sections perpendicular to the muscle fibers (green lines in figure 1). This measure is known as the physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), and is commonly calculated and defined by the following formula, developed in 1975 by Alexander and Vernon: [4] [5] [6]
Radius of gyration (in polymer science)(, unit: nm or SI unit: m): For a macromolecule composed of mass elements, of masses , =1,2,…,, located at fixed distances from the centre of mass, the radius of gyration is the square-root of the mass average of over all mass elements, i.e.,
In the study of partial differential equations, the MUSCL scheme is a finite volume method that can provide highly accurate numerical solutions for a given system, even in cases where the solutions exhibit shocks, discontinuities, or large gradients.