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Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) is a group of metabolic abnormalities that can occur as a complication from the treatment of cancer, where large amounts of tumor cells are killed off from the treatment, releasing their contents into the bloodstream. [1]
This is due to a variety of mechanisms including: stimulation of ADH release (opiates, ifosfamide, vincristine, platinum-based antineoplastics and MDMA (also known as ecstasy)); enhancers of ADH effect (non-steroidal anti-inflammatories); ADH analogues (desmopressin, oxytocin); and vasopressin receptor 2 activators (selective serotonin reuptake ...
Other medications such as the antifungal amphotericin B or the cancer drug cisplatin can also cause long-term hypokalemia. Diuretic abuse among athletes [11] and people with eating disorders [12] may present with hypokalemia due to urinary potassium loss. A special case of potassium loss occurs with diabetic ketoacidosis. Hypokalemia is ...
Low blood potassium may occur due to vomiting, diarrhea, or certain medications. [3] The concentrated version should be diluted before use. [2] It is given by slow injection into a vein or by mouth. [4] Side effects may include heart problems if given too quickly by injection into a vein. [4]
Primary treatment of hypercalcemia consists of administering IV fluids. [3] If the hypercalcemia is severe and/or associated with cancer, it may be treated with bisphosphonates. [3] [14] For very severe cases, hemodialysis may be considered for rapid removal of calcium from the blood. [3] [14]
Potassium-sparing diuretics act to prevent sodium reabsorption in the collecting tubule by either binding ENaCs (amiloride, triamterene) or by inhibiting aldosterone receptors (spironolactone, eplerenone). This prevents excessive excretion of K + in urine and decreased retention of water, preventing hypokalemia. [10]
People often have few or no symptoms. [1] They may get occasional muscular weakness, muscle spasms, tingling sensations, or excessive urination. [1] High blood pressure, manifestations of muscle cramps (due to hyperexcitability of neurons secondary to low blood calcium), muscle weakness (due to hypoexcitability of skeletal muscles secondary to hypokalemia), and headaches (due to low blood ...
The first goal of treatment is to correct dehydration. Fluids are often given through a vein (intravenous fluids) to replace fluids lost in diarrhea. The next goal is to slow the diarrhea. Some medications can help control diarrhea. Octreotide, which is a human-made form of the natural hormone somatostatin, blocks the action of VIP. [citation ...