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A separate group of Cumans entered Bulgaria about the same time, crossing the Black Sea after the Mongol conquest of Cumania, having arranged for their settlement with Ivan Asen. This is recorded by Ibn Taghribirdi , a 15th-century writer relying on the lost work of Izz al-Din ibn Shaddad , himself a Syrian writing in exile from Egypt after the ...
The Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria lasted from 1223 to 1236. The Bulgar state, centered in lower Volga and Kama, was the center of the fur trade in Eurasia throughout most of its history.
[citation needed] In 1236, the Mongols returned and in five years had subjugated the whole country, which at that time was suffering from internal war [citation needed]. Henceforth Volga Bulgaria became a part of the Ulus Jochi, later known as the Golden Horde. It was divided into several principalities; each of them became a vassal of the ...
The former territories of Volga Bulgaria were integrated into the Mongol Empire in 1236 and later became part of the lands of the Golden Horde. [2] After the collapse of Mongol rule in the region, much of the old Volga Bulgarian state became part of the new Khanate of Kazan (1438–1552), which in many ways was a continuation of Volga Bulgaria. [1]
Relations somewhat deteriorated for the next ten years, however, since 2001, they have been on a more positive track. Until the 1990s Bulgaria was Mongolia's third biggest trading partner, with agricultural products and light industry goods being the main exports. The volume of trade between Bulgaria and Mongolia totaled $2 million in 2008. [3]
After the conquest of Volga Bulgaria by Mongol troops under Batu Khan the country was under the control of the khans of the Golden Horde. As a result of the admixing of different Turkic peoples and languages to the Volga Bolgars during this period, the modern Volga Tatar ethnos emerged.
A map of the Bulgarian Empire, showing the movement of the Bulgarian, Byzantine and Mongol armies during the rebellion. With the situation to the south under control, Ivaylo had to confront a second Mongol attack to the north. This time the Bulgarians faced the elite forces of Nogai Khan.
The idea of using atomic transitions to measure time was first suggested by the British scientist Lord Kelvin in 1879, [204] although it was only in the 1930s with the development of magnetic resonance that there was a practical method for measuring time in this way. [205] A prototype ammonia maser device was built in 1948 at NIST. Although ...