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The price-to-book ratio, or P/B ratio, (also PBR) is a financial ratio used to compare a company's current market value to its book value (where book value is the value of all assets minus liabilities owned by a company). The calculation can be performed in two ways, but the result should be the same.
Share price / book value per share Can be useful where assets are a core driver of earnings such as capital-intensive industries Most widely used in valuing financial companies, such as banks, because banks have to report accurate book values of their loans and deposits, and liquidation value is equal to book value since deposits and loans are ...
An asset's initial book value is its actual cash value or its acquisition cost. Cash assets are recorded or "booked" at actual cash value. Assets such as buildings, land and equipment are valued based on their acquisition cost, which includes the actual cash cost of the asset plus certain costs tied to the purchase of the asset, such as broker fees.
Market Price per Share / Present Value of Cash Flow per Share Price to book value ratio (P/B or PBV) [30] Market Price per Share / Balance Sheet Price per Share Price/sales ratio Market Price per Share / Gross Sales PEG ratio Price per Earnings / Annual EPS Growth
Stock valuation is the method of calculating theoretical values of companies and their stocks.The main use of these methods is to predict future market prices, or more generally, potential market prices, and thus to profit from price movement – stocks that are judged undervalued (with respect to their theoretical value) are bought, while stocks that are judged overvalued are sold, in the ...
Health economics is a branch of economics concerned with issues related to efficiency, effectiveness, value and behavior in the production and consumption of health and healthcare. Health economics is important in determining how to improve health outcomes and lifestyle patterns through interactions between individuals, healthcare providers and ...
the economic production price. This price, a total cost-price (i.e. a replacement cost) equals the average cost price and average profit rate of an output at the point of sale to the final consumer, including all net costs incurred by all the different enterprises participating in its production (factory, storage, transport, packaging etc ...
In contrast to research and development, the vaccine production market, even for out-of-patent vaccines, is highly concentrated. 80% of global production is in the hand of five large companies, which hold key patents. [6] [7] This reduces competition and allows high, uncompetitive prices, often more than 100 times the cost of production. [8] [9]