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  2. Helmholtz reciprocity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helmholtz_reciprocity

    If when the quantity of light i polarized in the plane a 1 proceeds from 1 in the direction of the given ray, that part k thereof of light polarized in a 2 arrives at 2, then, conversely, if the quantity of light i polarized in a 2 proceeds from 2, the same quantity of light k polarized in a 1 [Kirchhoff's published text here corrected by ...

  3. Snell's law - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snell's_law

    Snell's law (also known as the Snell–Descartes law, the ibn-Sahl law, [1] and the law of refraction) is a formula used to describe the relationship between the angles of incidence and refraction, when referring to light or other waves passing through a boundary between two different isotropic media, such as water, glass, or air.

  4. Reciprocity (electromagnetism) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(electromagnetism)

    The Lorentz reciprocity theorem is simply a reflection of the fact that the linear operator ^ relating and at a fixed frequency (in linear media): = ^ ⁡ where ^ ⁡ [()] is usually a symmetric operator under the "inner product" (,) = for vector fields and . [8] (Technically, this unconjugated form is not a true inner product because it is not ...

  5. Fresnel equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresnel_equations

    For the s polarization, the E field is parallel to the z axis and may therefore be described by its component in the z direction. Let the reflection and transmission coefficients be r s and t s, respectively. Then, if the incident E field is taken to have unit amplitude, the phasor form of its z-component is

  6. Schwarz reflection principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz_reflection_principle

    In mathematics, the Schwarz reflection principle is a way to extend the domain of definition of a complex analytic function, i.e., it is a form of analytic continuation.It states that if an analytic function is defined on the upper half-plane, and has well-defined (non-singular) real values on the real axis, then it can be extended to the conjugate function on the lower half-plane.

  7. Fermat's principle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermat's_principle

    If we seek the required value of x, we find that the angles α and β satisfy Snell's law. Fermat's principle, also known as the principle of least time, is the link between ray optics and wave optics. Fermat's principle states that the path taken by a ray between two given points is the path that can be traveled in the least time.

  8. List of optics equations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_optics_equations

    Visulization of flux through differential area and solid angle. As always ^ is the unit normal to the incident surface A, = ^, and ^ is a unit vector in the direction of incident flux on the area element, θ is the angle between them.

  9. Reflection (physics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflection_(physics)

    Reflection of light is either specular (mirror-like) or diffuse (retaining the energy, but losing the image) depending on the nature of the interface.In specular reflection the phase of the reflected waves depends on the choice of the origin of coordinates, but the relative phase between s and p (TE and TM) polarizations is fixed by the properties of the media and of the interface between them.