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In humans, symptoms can include abdominal pain, diarrhea and weight loss. However, many infected individuals may be asymptomatic. Eurytrematosis is diagnosed through fecal examination for the presence of trematode eggs. Treatment typically involves the use of anthelmintic drugs such as praziquantel, which can effectively kill the adult parasites.
A large burden of adult worms in the intestines promotes symptoms such as nausea, heartburn, dyspepsia, and diarrhea from two to seven days after infection, while small worm burdens generally are asymptomatic. Eosinophilia presents early and increases rapidly. [13]
Some internal fish parasites are spectacular, such as the philometrid nematode Philometra fasciati which is parasitic in the ovary of female Blacktip grouper; [14] the adult female parasite is a red worm which can reach up to 40 centimetres in length, for a diameter of only 1.6 millimetre; the males are tiny.
The first symptoms may appear between 12 hours and two days after ingestion of infected meat. The migration of adult worms in the intestinal epithelium can cause traumatic damage to the host tissue, and the waste products they excrete can provoke an immunological reaction. [ 2 ]
Major groups of parasites include protozoans (organisms having only one cell) and parasitic worms (helminths). Of these, protozoans, including cryptosporidium, microsporidia, and isospora, are most common in HIV-infected persons. Each of these parasites can infect the digestive tract, and sometimes two or more can cause infection at the same time.
It is also a rare cause of ileus, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis. [11] Taenia saginata has been reported as a cause of gallbladder perforation if left untreated in some cases. [12] Taenia saginata adult worms can live in the host for up to 25 years and most infections will last 2 to 3 years without treatment. [13]
Humans can contract this parasite in three main ways (ingestion of under cooked meat, contaminated water, or poultices contained contaminated flesh). [4] [5] Historically, humans are considered a paratenic host; however, the first case of an adult S. erinaceieuropaei infection in humans was reported in 2017.
The genus Anisakis was defined in 1845 [2] by Félix Dujardin as a subgenus of the genus Ascaris Linnaeus, 1758.Dujardin did not make explicit the etymology, but stated that the subgenus included the species in which the males have unequal spicules ("mâles ayant des spicules inégaux"); thus, the name Anisakis is based on anis-(Greek prefix for different) and akis (Greek for spine or spicule).