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The Nyquist plot for () = + + with s = jω.. In control theory and stability theory, the Nyquist stability criterion or Strecker–Nyquist stability criterion, independently discovered by the German electrical engineer Felix Strecker [] at Siemens in 1930 [1] [2] [3] and the Swedish-American electrical engineer Harry Nyquist at Bell Telephone Laboratories in 1932, [4] is a graphical technique ...
Example of magnitude of the Fourier transform of a bandlimited function. The Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem is a theorem in the field of signal processing which serves as a fundamental bridge between continuous-time signals and discrete-time signals.
Early uses of the term Nyquist frequency, such as those cited above, are all consistent with the definition presented in this article.Some later publications, including some respectable textbooks, call twice the signal bandwidth the Nyquist frequency; [6] [7] this is a distinctly minority usage, and the frequency at twice the signal bandwidth is otherwise commonly referred to as the Nyquist rate.
Fig 1: Typical example of Nyquist frequency and rate. They are rarely equal, because that would require over-sampling by a factor of 2 (i.e. 4 times the bandwidth). In signal processing , the Nyquist rate , named after Harry Nyquist , is a value equal to twice the highest frequency ( bandwidth ) of a given function or signal.
The M circle with M = 0.45 is highlighted in red and intercepts the Nyquist plot at frequencies . Hall circles (also known as M-circles and N-circles ) are a graphical tool in control theory used to obtain values of a closed-loop transfer function from the Nyquist plot (or the Nichols plot ) of the associated open-loop transfer function.
The fourth graph depicts the spectral result of sampling at the same rate as the baseband function. The rate was chosen by finding the lowest rate that is an integer sub-multiple of A and also satisfies the baseband Nyquist criterion: f s > 2B. Consequently, the bandpass function has effectively been converted to baseband.
To derive the criterion, we first express the received signal in terms of the transmitted symbol and the channel response. Let the function h(t) be the channel impulse response, x[n] the symbols to be sent, with a symbol period of T s; the received signal y(t) will be in the form (where noise has been ignored for simplicity):
In control theory, and especially stability theory, a stability criterion establishes when a system is stable. A number of stability criteria are in common use: Circle criterion; Jury stability criterion; Liénard–Chipart criterion; Nyquist stability criterion; Routh–Hurwitz stability criterion; Vakhitov–Kolokolov stability criterion