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The psychoanalytical concept of "afterwardsness" (German: Nachträglichkeit) appeared initially in Freud's writings in the 1890s in the commonsense form of the German adjective-adverb "afterwards" or "deferred" (nachträglich): as Freud wrote in the unfinished and unpublished "A Project for a Scientific Psychology" of 1895, 'a memory is repressed which has only become a trauma after the event ...
Experiments in cognitive science and social psychology have revealed a wide variety of biases in areas such as statistical reasoning, social attribution, and memory. [ 3 ] Choice-supportive memory distortion is thought to occur during the time of memory retrieval and was the result of the belief that, "I chose this option, therefore it must ...
The interference theory is a theory regarding human memory.Interference occurs in learning. The notion is that memories encoded in long-term memory (LTM) are forgotten and cannot be retrieved into short-term memory (STM) because either memory could interfere with the other. [1]
Retrocausality, or backwards causation, is a concept of cause and effect in which an effect precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. [1] [2] In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level and so time-symmetric systems can be viewed as causal or retrocausal.
Retroactive interference is the interference of newer memories with the retrieval of older memories. [16] The learning of new memories contributes to the forgetting of previously learned memories. For example, retroactive interference would happen as an individual learns a list of Italian vocabulary words, had previously learned Spanish.
The misinformation effect is an example of retroactive interference which occurs when information presented later interferes with the ability to retain previously encoded information. Individuals have also been shown to be susceptible to incorporating misleading information into their memory when it is presented within a question. [ 5 ]
The word inhibition, in the late Middle English meant a ‘forbidding, a prohibition.' [2] It originally came from the Latin verb inhibere,‘hinder,’ from habere or ‘to hold.’ [3] Backward inhibition is a description of the cognitive process that, at its base, means "to hold" something that happened previously in order to process a current event.
Rosy retrospection is a proposed psychological phenomenon of recalling the past more positively than it was actually experienced. [1]The highly unreliable nature of human memory is well documented and accepted amongst psychologists.