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The ISO 13490 standard is an extension to the ISO 9660 format that adds support for multiple sessions on a disc. Since ISO 9660 is by design a read-only, pre-mastered file system, all the data has to be written in one go or "session" to the medium. Once written, there is no provision for altering the stored content.
ISO 9660 is a format mainly used on CDs. The ISO 9660 can be extended with El Torito, Joliet, Rock Ridge, or the Apple ISO 9660 Extensions. El Torito makes it possible to boot from a CD. The Joliet extension by Microsoft makes it possible to have long file names encoded in UCS-2, among other things.
ISO images contain the binary image of an optical media file system (usually ISO 9660 and its extensions or UDF), including the data in its files in binary format, copied exactly as they were stored on the disc. The data inside the ISO image will be structured according to the file system that was used on the optical disc from which it was created.
A hybrid disc is an optical disc that has multiple file systems installed on it, typically ISO 9660 and HFS+ (or HFS on older discs). One reason for the hybrid format is the restrictions of ISO 9660 (filenames of only eight characters, and a maximum depths of eight directories, similar to the Microsoft FAT file system).
Universal Disk Format (UDF) is an open, vendor-neutral file system for computer data storage for a broad range of media. In practice, it has been most widely used for DVDs and newer optical disc formats, supplanting ISO 9660.
'Standards of Viet Nam'), or the Vietnamese National Standards (Vietnamese: Tiêu chuẩn Quốc gia Việt Nam, lit. 'National Standards of Vietnam'), are the national standards of Vietnam issued by the Vietnam Standard and Quality Institute, part of the Directorate for Standards, Metrology and Quality (STAMEQ). These standards are identified ...
ISO 13490 define a rule for operating systems as to how to read a multiple-session ISO 9660 volume from a CD-R.Instead of looking for the volume descriptor at offset 32,768 (sector number 16 on a CD) from the start of the disc (which would be the default behavior in ISO 9660), programs accessing the disc should start reading from the 16th sector in the first track of the latest session.
growisofs is a SCSI/MMC driver in userspace for burning optical media, like cdrecord or libburn.Its original purpose is to coordinate burning with a run of mkisofs or genisoimage (depending on repository), so that ISO 9660 multisession writing becomes possible on DVD+RW media, making it possible to add new files to a partially written disc with existing files.