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Learn about the different academic ranks and titles used in various countries and regions, such as associate professor, professor, lecturer, and more. Compare the criteria, requirements, and hierarchies of each rank and find out how they are conferred and recognized.
Learn about the titles, importance and power of professors, researchers and administrative personnel in U.S. academia. Find out the differences between tenure-track and non-tenure-track positions, and the criteria for promotion from assistant to associate to full professor.
Learn how academics communicate their scholarly work, establish priority, and build reputation through authorship of journal articles, books, and other original works. Explore the guidelines, controversies, and trends of authorship in different disciplines and fields.
Reader is a senior academic title in some Commonwealth universities, denoting a distinguished researcher or scholar. It ranks above senior lecturer and below professor, and is similar to associate professor in some countries.
Typically, PhD-degree completion takes 4–6 years. The MD–PhD physician-scientist workforce is a relatively small group of well-trained professionals with the research skills to address clinical and basic science research questions aimed at improving patient care. [5] [6]
Otherwise, 'Esq.' has been historically used by non-attorneys who are the fourth or later generation with the same name as a forebear, e.g. Henry Smith I, Henry Smith II, Henry Smith III, thereafter Henry Smith, Esq. Traditional etiquette directs courtesy titles like Esquire are not used with honorific or post-nomial abbreviations. But when ...
Post-nominal letters are letters placed after a person's name to indicate their position, degree, honour, or membership. Learn about the different types, orders, and usage of post-nominal letters in various countries and contexts.
Master of Science (MS, M.S., MSc, etc.) is a master's degree for studies in sciences, engineering and medicine. Learn about the history, requirements and variations of this degree in different countries and regions.