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  2. List of unsolved problems in geoscience - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems...

    Was there ever a collision of the Earth with another planet Theia, giving birth to the Moon? [1] There is compelling evidence, such as measures of a shorter duration of the Earth's rotation and lunar month in the past, pointing to a Moon much closer to Earth during the early stages of the Solar System. [2] What is the long-term heat balance of ...

  3. Earth System Modeling Framework - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_System_Modeling...

    ESMF increases the interoperability of Earth-science modeling software developed at different sites and promotes code reuse.The idea is to transform distributed, specialized knowledge and resources into a collaborative, integrated modeling community that operates more efficiently, can address a wider variety of problems more effectively, and is more responsive to societal needs.

  4. Human impact on the nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_impact_on_the...

    In fact, due to long-term impacts on food webs, Nr inputs are widely considered the most critical pollution problem in marine systems. [8] In both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, responses to N enrichment vary; however, a general re-occurring theme is the importance of thresholds (e.g., nitrogen saturation) in system nutrient retention ...

  5. Earth systems model of intermediate complexity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_systems_model_of...

    A modern example of this difference in speed can be seen between the EMIC JUMP-LCM and the GCM MIROC4h; the former runs 63,000 times faster than the latter. [9] The decrease in required computing power allowed EMICs to run over longer model times, and thus include earth systems occupying the "slow domain".

  6. Earth systems engineering and management - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_systems_engineering...

    For centuries, humans have utilized the earth and its natural resources to advance civilization and develop technology. "As a principle [] result of Industrial Revolutions and associated changes in human demographics, technology systems, cultures, and economic systems have been the evolution of an Earth in which the dynamics of major natural systems are increasingly dominated by human activity".

  7. Nutrient cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nutrient_cycle

    While an ecosystem often has no clear boundary, as a working model it is practical to consider the functional community where the bulk of matter and energy transfer occurs. [6] Nutrient cycling occurs in ecosystems that participate in the "larger biogeochemical cycles of the earth through a system of inputs and outputs." [6]: 425

  8. Nitrogen cycle - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle

    The nitrogen cycle is an important process in the ocean as well. While the overall cycle is similar, there are different players [40] and modes of transfer for nitrogen in the ocean. Nitrogen enters the water through the precipitation, runoff, or as N 2 from the atmosphere. Nitrogen cannot be utilized by phytoplankton as N

  9. Earth system science - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_system_science

    The Earth's climate system is a prime example of an emergent property of the whole planetary system, that is, one which cannot be fully understood without regarding it as a single integrated entity. It is also a system where human impacts have been growing rapidly in recent decades, lending immense importance to the successful development and ...