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Folds can be regarded as consistently replacing the structural components of a data structure with functions and values. Lists, for example, are built up in many functional languages from two primitives: any list is either an empty list, commonly called nil ([]), or is constructed by prefixing an element in front of another list, creating what is called a cons node ( Cons(X1,Cons(X2,Cons ...
Go was designed at Google in 2007 to improve programming productivity in an era of multicore, networked machines and large codebases. [22] The designers wanted to address criticisms of other languages in use at Google, but keep their useful characteristics: [23]
remove a (,) pair from the collection, unmapping a given key from its value. The argument to this operation is the key. Lookup, find, or get find the value (if any) that is bound to a given key. The argument to this operation is the key, and the value is returned from the operation.
A dangling pointer is a pointer that does not point to a valid object and consequently may make a program crash or behave oddly. In the Pascal or C programming languages, pointers that are not specifically initialized may point to unpredictable addresses in memory. The following example code shows a dangling pointer:
Although catching these is generally considered bad practice, this exception type can be caught and handled by the program. In Objective-C, messages may be sent to a nil object (which is a null pointer) without causing the program to be interrupted; the message is simply ignored, and the return value (if any) is nil or 0, depending on the type ...
A software development methodology is a framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the life cycle of a software product. Common methodologies include waterfall, prototyping, iterative and incremental development, spiral development, agile software development, rapid application development, and extreme programming.
Used in the declaration of a method or code block to acquire the mutex lock for an object while the current thread executes the code. [8] For static methods, the object locked is the class's Class. Guarantees that at most one thread at a time operating on the same object executes that code.
For unordered access as defined in the java.util.Map interface, the java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentHashMap implements java.util.concurrent.ConcurrentMap. [2] The mechanism is a hash access to a hash table with lists of entries, each entry holding a key, a value, the hash, and a next reference.