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O. H. Morris of the British Ministry of Colonies predicted in early January that "1960 will be a year of Africa". [1] The phrase "year of Africa" was also used by Ralph Bunche on 16 February 1960. Bunche anticipated that many states would achieve independence in that year due to the "well nigh explosive rapidity with which the peoples of Africa ...
The number of people who died is usually given as 176, with estimates up to 700. [4] The original government figure claimed only 23 students were killed, [25] with the number of wounded estimated to be over 1,000 people. Black students also killed two white people during the uprising, one of them Melville Edelstein. [26] [27] [28]
Black people had to bear their passes when they came into "white" areas. The books became representational of the racial discrimination and tyranny of the government and were hated acutely. Anti-pass campaigns date back to the Nineteenth Century. On 21 March 1960, a great throng assembled at the Sharpeville police station, near Vereeniging.
9 December – French President Charles de Gaulle's visit to Algeria is marked by bloody riots by European and Muslim mobs in Algeria's largest cities, killing 127 people. 13 December – While Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia visits Brazil , his Imperial Bodyguard revolts unsuccessfully against his rule.
Former anti-apartheid student protest leader Seth Mazibuko is among activists and educators who believe a crisis is hollowing out the country’s education system.
Many countries followed in the 1950s and 1960s, with a peak in 1960 with the Year of Africa, which saw 17 African nations declare independence, including a large part of French West Africa. Most of the remaining countries gained independence throughout the 1960s, although some colonizers (Portugal in particular) were reluctant to relinquish ...
This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses pre-colonial wars, colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major ...
Kenneth Kaunda, a leading Zambian independence activist, pictured at a political rally in Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia) in 1960. African nationalism is an umbrella term which refers to a group of political ideologies in sub-Saharan Africa, which are based on the idea of national self-determination and the creation of nation states. [1]