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Buffers typically consist of a pair of compounds in solution, one of which is a weak acid and the other a weak base. [13] The most abundant buffer in the ECF consists of a solution of carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), and the bicarbonate (HCO − 3) salt of, usually, sodium (Na +). [5] Thus, when there is an excess of OH −
The tears are unique among body fluids in that they are exposed to the environment. Much like other body fluids, tear fluid is kept in a tight pH range using the bicarbonate buffer system. [15] The pH of tears shift throughout a waking day, rising "about 0.013 pH units/hour" until a prolonged closed-eye period causes the pH to fall again. [15]
Total body water in healthy adults is about 50–60% (range 45 to 75%) of total body weight; [1] women and the obese typically have a lower percentage than lean men. [2] Extracellular fluid makes up about one-third of body fluid, the remaining two-thirds is intracellular fluid within cells. [3]
3) is a vital component of the pH buffering system [3] of the human body (maintaining acid–base homeostasis). 70%–75% of CO 2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), which is the conjugate acid of HCO − 3 and can quickly turn into it. [citation needed]
For alkaline buffers, a strong base such as sodium hydroxide may be added. Alternatively, a buffer mixture can be made from a mixture of an acid and its conjugate base. For example, an acetate buffer can be made from a mixture of acetic acid and sodium acetate. Similarly, an alkaline buffer can be made from a mixture of the base and its ...
Intracellular pH is typically lower than extracellular pH due to lower concentrations of HCO 3 −. [9] A rise of extracellular (e.g., serum) partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) above 45 mmHg leads to formation of carbonic acid, which causes a decrease of pH i as it dissociates: [10]
It is the most abundant protein in human blood plasma; it constitutes about half of serum protein. It is produced in the liver. It is soluble in water, and it is monomeric. [citation needed] Albumin transports hormones, fatty acids, and other compounds, buffers pH, and maintains oncotic pressure, among other functions.
The human body and even its individual body fluids may be conceptually divided into various fluid compartments, which, although not literally anatomic compartments, do represent a real division in terms of how portions of the body's water, solutes, and suspended elements are segregated. The two main fluid compartments are the intracellular and ...