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The "X Article" is an article, formally titled "The Sources of Soviet Conduct", written by George F. Kennan and published under the pseudonym "X" in the July 1947 issue of Foreign Affairs magazine.
George Frost Kennan (February 16, 1904 – March 17, 2005) was an American diplomat and historian. He was best known as an advocate of a policy of containment of Soviet expansion during the Cold War.
NSC 68 saw the goals and aims of the United States as sound, yet poorly implemented, calling "present programs and plans... dangerously inadequate". [11] [non-primary source needed] Although George F. Kennan's theory of containment articulated a multifaceted approach for U.S. foreign policy in response to the perceived Soviet threat, the report recommended policies that emphasized military ...
US containment policy and the conflict in Indochina (Stanford University Press, 1994). Gaddis, John Lewis, Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of American National Security Policy During the Cold War. 2004, a standard scholarly history; Gaddis, John Lewis. George F. Kennan: An American Life (Penguin, 2012).
He adopted a policy of containment, based on a 1946 cable by diplomat George F. Kennan. [69] Containment, a policy of preventing the further expansion of Soviet influence, represented a middle-ground position between friendly détente (as represented by Wallace), and aggressive rollback to regain territory already lost to Communism, as would be ...
The group helped to create a bipartisan foreign policy based on resistance to the expansion of Soviet power. The authors describe them as the hidden architects behind the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, and Cold War containment. Kennan, in particular, is regarded as "the father of containment." [4]
Containment, as a concept in US foreign policy after World War II, was intellectually given support by George F. Kennan, first in an internal document called "the long telegram" [2] and then the "X article" in Foreign Affairs, "The Sources of Soviet Conduct" published under the pseudonym "X". [3]
Project Solarium was an American national-level exercise in strategy and foreign policy design convened by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in the summer of 1953. It was intended to produce consensus among senior officials in the national security community on the most effective strategy for responding to Soviet expansionism in the wake of the early Cold War.