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The bend deduction (BD) is twice the outside setback minus the bend allowance. BD is calculated using the following formula, where A is the angle in radians (=degrees*π/180): [11] = (+) For bends at 90 degrees this formula can be simplified to:
kT (also written as k B T) is the product of the Boltzmann constant, k (or k B), and the temperature, T.This product is used in physics as a scale factor for energy values in molecular-scale systems (sometimes it is used as a unit of energy), as the rates and frequencies of many processes and phenomena depend not on their energy alone, but on the ratio of that energy and kT, that is, on E ...
The most commonly used K value in Europe is the Fikentscher K value (referenced in DIN EN ISO 1628-1) obtained by dilute solution viscometry and solving Fikentscher equation. K Ic or linear-elastic plane-strain fracture toughness of materials; rate of change of curvature, used to assess and design vertical alignment of road and rail crests and dips
where K is the stress intensity factor (with units of stress × length 1/2) and is a dimensionless quantity that varies with the load and geometry. Theoretically, as r goes to 0, the stress σ i j {\displaystyle \sigma _{ij}} goes to ∞ {\displaystyle \infty } resulting in a stress singularity. [ 5 ]
Let K 0 is the normal conductivity at one bar (10 5 N/m 2) pressure, K e is its conductivity at special pressure and/or length scale. Let d is a plate distance in meters, P is an air pressure in Pascals (N/m 2 ), T is temperature Kelvin, C is this Lasance constant 7.6 ⋅ 10 −5 m ⋅ K/N and PP is the product P ⋅ d/T .
Ground Rule 4 accounts for the fact that a pin may curve as the mating surfaces force it to bend 90 degrees from its normal direction. This means that a bent pin might touch a pin whose line of sight is blocked by a third pin standing between them, or that a bent pin might simultaneously touch two neighboring pins whose separation is greater ...
Bend radius, which is measured to the inside curvature, is the minimum radius one can bend a pipe, tube, sheet, cable or hose without kinking it, damaging it, or shortening its life. The smaller the bend radius, the greater the material flexibility (as the radius of curvature decreases , the curvature increases ).
The stress concentration factor, , is the ratio of the highest stress to a nominal stress of the gross cross-section and defined as [3] = Note that the dimensionless stress concentration factor is a function of the geometry shape and independent of its size. [4]