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The biochemistry of Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia, is not yet very well understood. Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been identified as a proteopathy: a protein misfolding disease due to the accumulation of abnormally folded amyloid beta (Aβ) protein in the brain. [1]
The other protein implicated in Alzheimer's disease, tau protein, also forms such prion-like misfolded oligomers, and there is some evidence that misfolded Aβ can induce tau to misfold. [6] [7] A study has suggested that APP and its amyloid potential is of ancient origins, dating as far back as early deuterostomes. [8]
To date, 37 human proteins have been found to form amyloid in pathology and be associated with well-defined diseases. [2] The International Society of Amyloidosis classifies amyloid fibrils and their associated diseases based upon associated proteins (for example ATTR is the group of diseases and associated fibrils formed by TTR). [3]
A main theory behind the cause of Alzheimer’s disease is the build-up of the protein amyloid-beta in the brain. Researchers from the University of Cincinnati provide evidence suggesting it’s ...
One of the leading theories behind Alzheimer’s disease is that the toxic accumulation of the proteins beta-amyloid and tau in the brain can cause many of the symptoms related to this condition.
The causes of Alzheimer's disease remain poorly understood. [16] There are many environmental and genetic risk factors associated with its development. The strongest genetic risk factor is from an allele of apolipoprotein E. [17] [18] Other risk factors include a history of head injury, clinical depression, and high blood pressure. [1]
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is a small protein, most often 40 or 42 amino acids in length, that is released from a longer parent protein called the Aβ-precursor protein (APP). [24] APP is produced by many types of cell in the body, but it is especially abundant in neurons .
A different perspective on Alzheimer's is revealed by a mouse study that has found that APP possesses ferroxidase activity similar to ceruloplasmin, facilitating iron export through interaction with ferroportin; it seems that this activity is blocked by zinc trapped by accumulated Aβ in Alzheimer's. [9]
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