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  2. Vertical integration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertical_integration

    Vertical integration is often closely associated with vertical expansion which, in economics, is the growth of a business enterprise through the acquisition of companies that produce the intermediate goods needed by the business or help market and distribute its product.

  3. Multi-level governance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-level_governance

    Multi-level governance is an approach in political science and public administration theory that originated from studies on European integration.Political scientists Liesbet Hooghe and Gary Marks developed the concept of multi-level governance in the early 1990s and have continuously been contributing to the research program in a series of articles (see Bibliography). [3]

  4. Gustavus Franklin Swift - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus_Franklin_Swift

    Gustavus Franklin Swift, Sr. (June 24, 1839 – March 29, 1903) was an American business executive. He founded a meat-packing empire in the Midwest during the late 19th century, over which he presided until his death.

  5. Politics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics

    In terms of level of vertical integration, political systems can be divided into (from least to most integrated) confederations, federations, and unitary states. A federation (also known as a federal state) is a political entity characterized by a union of partially self-governing provinces, states, or other regions under a central federal ...

  6. Market foreclosure - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_foreclosure

    Gasoline production provides another example of supply restraints and competitive dominance by means of vertical integration. Market foreclosure plays a consistent role in the dynamics of the gasoline industry and more specifically with large refineries with significant capabilities of production. Researchers have estimated that US wholesale ...

  7. 'Be serious', says Panama president on Trump 'invasion' question

    www.aol.com/news/serious-says-panama-president...

    DAVOS, Switzerland (Reuters) -Panama's President Jose Raul Mulino responded "be serious, be serious" on Wednesday when asked in Davos whether he was concerned the U.S. would invade after President ...

  8. State-owned enterprises of China - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of...

    The goals of China's current SOE mergers include an effort to create larger and more competitive national champions with a bigger global market share by reducing price competition among SOEs abroad and increasing vertical integration. [36] Central SOEs were investigated as part of Xi's anti-corruption campaign.

  9. Federal enterprise architecture - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Enterprise...

    A federal enterprise architecture framework (FEAF) is the U.S. reference enterprise architecture of a federal government.It provides a common approach for the integration of strategic, business and technology management as part of organization design and performance improvement.