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By 2000, Berlin comprised twenty-three boroughs, as three new boroughs had been created in East Berlin. Today Berlin is divided into twelve boroughs, reduced from twenty-three boroughs by Berlin's 2001 administrative reform.
Though most of the ministries are seated in Berlin, some of them, as well as some minor departments, are seated in Bonn, the former capital of West Germany. Although Berlin is officially the capital of Germany, 8,000 out of the 18,000 total officials employed at the federal bureaucracy still work in Bonn, about 600 km (370 mi) away from Berlin.
Berlin soon went from being the easiest place to make an unauthorized crossing between East and West Germany to being the most difficult. [62] Many families were split, while East Berliners employed in the West were cut off from their jobs. West Berlin became an isolated exclave in a hostile land.
On August 13, 1961, soldiers from East Germany started to build the barrier between Soviet-controlled East Berlin and the democratic western section of the city: Shortly after midnight, the ...
Some small differences between the formerly divided parts of Germany linger on. In the former East, 74% of women are working, compared to 71.5% in the West, according to a 2023 study by the Hans-Böckler-Stiftung foundation. Childcare is also still more available in the former East than in the West.
Windsor, Philip. "The Berlin Crises" History Today (June 1962) Vol. 6, p375-384, summarizes the series of crises 1946 to 1961; online. Winter, Jay, and Jean-Louis Robert, eds. Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919 (2 vol. 1999, 2007), 30 chapters 1200pp; comprehensive coverage by scholars vol 1 excerpt; vol 2 excerpt and text ...
The history of Germany from 1990 to the present spans the period following the German reunification, when West Germany and East Germany were reunited after being divided during the Cold War. Germany after 1990 is referred to by historians as the Berlin Republic (Berliner Republik).
The text reads: "Bonn has it! Berlin remains Berlin and Bonn remains the seat of government. Stop the game of billions [of DM]. Stop the relocation madness." With the reunification of Germany, the newly reunified Berlin became Germany's capital once again, a status it had held from the foundation of Germany 1871 to the fall of the German Reich 1945