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Mitochondrial biogenesis is the process by which cells increase mitochondrial numbers. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] It was first described by John Holloszy in the 1960s, when it was discovered that physical endurance training induced higher mitochondrial content levels, leading to greater glucose uptake by muscles. [ 3 ]
The human mitochondrial genome is the entirety of hereditary information contained in human mitochondria. Mitochondria are small structures in cells that generate energy for the cell to use, and are hence referred to as the "powerhouses" of the cell. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is not transmitted through nuclear DNA (nDNA).
PGC-1α provides a direct link between external physiological stimuli and the regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis, and is a major factor causing slow-twitch rather than fast-twitch muscle fiber types. [10] Endurance exercise has been shown to activate the PGC-1α gene in human skeletal muscle. [11]
MT-ND1 is located in mitochondrial DNA from base pair 3,307 to 4,262. [5] The MT-ND1 gene produces a 36 kDa protein composed of 318 amino acids. [10] [11] MT-ND1 is one of seven mitochondrial genes encoding subunits of the enzyme NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone), together with MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, and MT-ND6.
Mitochondrial fatty acid synthesis (mtFASII) is essential for cellular respiration and mitochondrial biogenesis. [50] It is also thought to play a role as a mediator in intracellular signaling due to its influence on the levels of bioactive lipids, such as lysophospholipids and sphingolipids. [51]
Tim9 and Tim10 make up the group of essential small Tim proteins that assist in transport of hydrophobic precursors across the intermembrane space in mammalian cells. Both Tim9 and Tim10 form a hexamer, the Tim9-Tim10 complex, that when associated, functions as a chaperone to assist translocation of preproteins from the outer mitochondrial membrane to the translocase of the inner membrane.
One is the cytoplasmic state, inhibited by carboxyatractyloside, in which the substrate binding site is accessible to the intermembrane space, which is confluent with the cytosol, i.e. the bovine mitochondrial ADP/ATP carrier 22] [23] the yeast ADP/ATP carrier Aac2p 24] the yeast ADP/ATP carrier Aac3p 24] Another is the matrix state, inhibited ...
The sorting and assembly machinery is made up of three subunits, Sam35, Sam37, and Sam50, of which Sam50 is embedded within the outer mitochondrial membrane. [2] Both Sam35 and Sam37 are located on the cytosolic face of the SAM complex are peripheral membrane proteins that are not essential for survival. [3]