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Exudative pleural effusions occur when the pleura is damaged, e.g., by trauma, infection, or malignancy, and transudative pleural effusions develop when there is either excessive production of pleural fluid or the resorption capacity is reduced. Light's criteria [11] can be used to differentiate between exudative and transudative pleural effusions.
Transudate is extravascular fluid with low protein content and a low specific gravity (< 1.012). It has low nucleated cell counts (less than 500 to 1000 per microliter) and the primary cell types are mononuclear cells: macrophages, lymphocytes and mesothelial cells. For instance, an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma is transudate.
Pleural effusions are classified as exudative (high protein) or transudative (low protein). Exudative pleural effusions are generally caused by infections such as pneumonia (parapneumonic pleural effusion), malignancy, granulomatous disease such as tuberculosis or coccidioidomycosis, collagen vascular diseases, and other inflammatory states.
(See below for difference between transudate and exudate) Malignant (or cancerous) pleural effusion is effusion where cancer cells are present. [11] It is usually classified as exudate. Types of exudates: serous, serosanguineous, sanguineous, hemorrhaging and purulent drainage. Serous: Clear straw colored liquid that drains from the wound.
First the fluid is either transudate or exudate. An exudate is defined as pleural fluid to serum total protein ratio of more than 0.5, pleural fluid to serum LDH ratio > 0.6, and absolute pleural fluid LDH > 200 IU or > 2 ⁄ 3 of the normal. An exudate is defined as pleural fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas ...
On the surface of this solution, 1 drop of the effusion fluid is carefully layered. If the drop disappears and the solution remains clear, the Rivalta's test is defined as negative. If the drop retains its shape, stays attached to the surface or slowly floats down to the bottom of the tube (drop- or jelly-fish-like), the Rivalta's test is ...
Shock Absorbers. There are several types of shock absorbers specifically designed for leashes. A bungee leash extender can, to some degree, help diffuse force and absorb shock when your dog darts ...
Hydrothorax is the synonym of pleural effusion in which fluid accumulates in the pleural cavity. This condition is most likely to develop secondary to congestive heart failure, following an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the lungs. More rarely, hydrothorax can develop in 10% of patients with ascites which is called hepatic hydrothorax ...