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The 20th-century social critic Ivan Illich broadened the concept of medical iatrogenesis in his 1974 book Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health [33] by defining it at three levels. First, clinical iatrogenesis is the injury done to patients by ineffective, unsafe, and erroneous treatments as described above.
The effects of this situation are far reaching and affect people in a wide range of ailments. Following is a list of health problems contributing to high infant mortality, death, and lower standard of living in the Aral Sea area: diarrheal diseases; vaccine preventable diseases such as tuberculosis; nutritional deficiencies
Climate change is altering the geographic range and seasonality of some insects that can carry diseases, for example Aedes aegypti, the mosquito that is the vector for dengue transmission. Global climate change has increased the occurrence of some infectious diseases. Infectious diseases whose transmission is impacted by climate change include, for example, vector-borne diseases like dengue ...
Their effects can be desired (hormonal contraception), a minor unwanted side effect (many antidepressants) or; a major public health problem (thalidomide). However, most studies of reproductive toxicity have focused on occupational or environmental exposure to chemicals and their effects on reproduction.
The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth. [279]
And chronic cadmium exposure can damage the kidneys, bones, and lungs, as well as raise your risk for certain types of cancer, according to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
According to the CDC, as of 2020, levels that it is normal to be exposed to in drinking water are lower than levels known to cause health problems. [1] A small number of studies have examined the effects of low levels of bromodichloromethane on people, but most were also exposed to other chemicals, so it may not be the only cause of reported health problems. [1]
Microplastics effects on human health are of growing concern and an area of research. The tiny particles known as microplastics (MPs), have been found in various environmental and biological matrices, including air, water, food, and human tissues.