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While use during pregnancy is not recommended, risk appears to be low. [6] The use of other medications in this class appear to be safe while breastfeeding; however, the safety of levofloxacin is unclear. [6] Levofloxacin was patented in 1985 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1996.
The choice of urinary anti-infective agents in pediatric patients may differ from that in adults due to the potential harm they can cause to children. For example, the systemic use of fluoroquinolones is not appropriate in pediatric patients due to the potential risk of musculoskeletal toxicity.
However, not all of them are safe to use during pregnancy. One of the components of bismuth subsalicylate is salicylate, which is a component that crosses the placenta. Due to this, there is an increased risk for intrauterine growth retardation, fetal hemorrhage, and maternal hemorrhage within organogenesis and in the second/third trimester. [ 12 ]
Included were the popular drugs Cipro (ciprofloxacin), Levaquin (levofloxacin), Avelox (moxifloxacin), Noroxin (norfloxacin) and Floxin . [19] On July 1, 2009, the FDA required Chantix (varenicline) to carry a boxed warning due to public reports of side effects including depression, suicidal thoughts, and suicidal actions.
Guidelines recommend azithromycin, doxycycline, erythromycin, levofloxacin or ofloxacin. [45] In men, doxycycline (100 mg twice a day for 7 days) is probably more effective than azithromycin (1 g single dose) but evidence for the relative effectiveness of antibiotics in women is very uncertain. [ 46 ]
A kidney infection during pregnancy may result in preterm birth or pre-eclampsia (a state of high blood pressure and kidney dysfunction during pregnancy that can lead to seizures). [42] Some women have UTIs that keep coming back in pregnancy. [112] There is insufficient research on how to best treat these recurrent infections. [112]
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines (aka Essential Medicines List or EML [1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe to meet the most important needs in a health system. [2]
One characteristic of the FDA definitions of the pregnancy categories is that the FDA requires a relatively large amount of high-quality data on a pharmaceutical for it to be defined as Pregnancy Category A. As a result of this, many drugs that would be labelled as safe in other countries are allocated to Category C by the FDA.