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Transfer-appropriate processing (TAP) is a type of state-dependent memory specifically showing that memory performance is not only determined by the depth of processing (where associating meaning with information strengthens the memory; see levels-of-processing effect), but by the relationship between how information is initially encoded and how it is later retrieved.
In cognitive psychology, a recall test is a test of memory of mind in which participants are presented with stimuli and then, after a delay, are asked to remember as many of the stimuli as possible. [ 1 ] : 123 Memory performance can be indicated by measuring the percentage of stimuli the participant was able to recall.
Phonemic processing includes remembering the word by the way it sounds (e.g. the word tall rhymes with fall). Lastly, we have semantic processing in which we encode the meaning of the word with another word that is similar or has similar meaning. Once the word is perceived, the brain allows for a deeper processing.
Memory errors can also depend on the method of encoding used when initially experiencing or learning information, known as transfer-appropriate processing. [36] Encoding processes can occur at three levels: visual form (the letters that make up a word), phonology (the sound of a word), and semantics (the meaning of the word or sentence).
Transfer-appropriate processing is a strategy for encoding that leads to successful retrieval. An experiment conducted by Morris and coworkers in 1977 proved that successful retrieval was a result of matching the type of processing used during encoding. [ 41 ]
It is prospective memory specific and is distinct from sequential overlap, or transfer-appropriate processing, which occurs in both retrospective and prospective memory and is defined as the overlap in processing the to-be-remembered memory between planning (or study in retrospective memory) and test times.
Transfer appropriate processing also had a notable impact on the field of marketing, by providing a more comprehensive understanding of consumer memory. A focus on retrieval as the goal of advertising, and a better understanding of how interference can impact marketing communications, left a lasting impression on advertising practice.
Task-appropriate processing appears to be facilitated by the unconscious detection of cues for the appropriate processing strategy. [2] Task-appropriate processing is related to transfer-appropriate processing in that the task-appropriateness of learning strategies influences the effectiveness of recall after learning tasks. [3]