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In the English language, Romani people have long been known by the exonym Gypsies or Gipsies, [88] which many Roma consider to be an ethnic slur. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] The attendees of the first World Romani Congress in 1971 unanimously voted to reject the use of all exonyms for the Roma, including "Gypsy". [ 92 ]
The migration of the Romani people through the Middle East and Northern Africa to Europe. The key shows the century of arrival in that area, e.g., S.XII is the 12th century. Romani people first arrived in Europe via the Balkans sometime between the 9th and 14th centuries from north India, through Iran, Armenia, and Anatolia. [33] [34] [35]
The Romani language is spoken by millions of Romani people throughout the world. [87] It is of the Indo-Aryan branch. Many Romani people can speak two or more languages. It is not considered an official language because it varies from tribe to tribe. [88] Romani is influenced by Persian, Greek, Armenian, Iranic, Georgian and Arabic. [89] [90]
Romani people in England, Scotland and Wales generally call themselves “Gypsies”, “Romani Gypsies”, “Romanies” or “Romani”. Romanichal are found in England (As well as South Wales, Northeast Wales and the Scottish Borders), and they speak Angloromani .
Philip II decreed in 1570 a ban on the entry of Gypsies into America and ordered the return of those already sent. [31] There is a known case of a Gypsy blacksmith (Jorge Leal) who obtained authorization to travel to Cuba in 1602. [32] Meanwhile, in Spain a new law ordered Roma people to sedentarize under penalty of six years in the galleys (1539).
Although the term "Roma" was endorsed in place of "Gypsies" at the first World Roma Congress in London, [9] many Romani people in Britain prefer to call themselves Gypsies, or names that include the term such as Romani Gypsies or Romany Gypsies. [10] [11] [5] [12] [8] [13] They also commonly refer to themselves as Romani or Romanies. [14]
The Romani people have long been a part of the collective mythology of the West, where they frequently were (and still are) depicted as outsiders, aliens, and a threat. For centuries, they were enslaved in Eastern Europe and they were also hunted in Western Europe: the Porajmos, Hitler's attempt to commit genocide against the Romani people, was one violent link in a chain of persecution that ...
Romani people have traditionally avoided gadje because non-Romani are believed to be polluting and defile the Romani world. [114] The Greek Doctor A. G. Paspati made the statement in his Book from 1860, that Turks married often Roma Woman, and the Rumelian Romani dialect is nearly lost by the Muslim Turkish Roma, who speak entirely Turkish. [115]