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Many of Britain's major cities, such as London , Manchester and York , were founded by the Romans, but the original Roman settlements were abandoned not long after the Romans left. Unlike many other areas of the Western Roman Empire , the current majority language is not a Romance language , or a language descended from the pre-Roman inhabitants.
The area of present day England was part of the Roman province of Britannia from 43 AD until the 5th century, although starting from the crisis of the third century it was often ruled by Roman usurpers who were in conflict with the central government in Rome, such as Postumus (about 260-269 AD), Carausius (286-293 AD), Magnentius (350-353 AD ...
The end of Roman rule in Britain facilitated the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain, which historians often regard as the origin of England and of the English people. The Anglo-Saxons , a collection of various Germanic peoples , established several kingdoms that became the primary powers in present-day England and parts of southern Scotland . [ 3 ]
One aspect of Roman influence seen in British life was the grant of Roman citizenship. [14] At first this was granted very selectively: to the council members of certain classes of towns, whom Roman practice made citizens; to veterans, either legionaries or soldiers in auxiliary units; and to a number of natives whose patrons obtained citizenship for them.
In the 4th century Roman authors began to use the term "Saxon" to refer to raiders from north of the Frankish tribes in the Rhine delta, who had been troubling the coasts of the North Sea and English channel singe the late 3rd century, [1] for example Eutropius stated that during the 280s the sea along the coasts of Belgica and Armorica was "infested with Franks and Saxons".
Southern British tribes before the Roman invasion. In common with other regions on the edge of the empire, Britain had enjoyed diplomatic and trading links with the Romans in the century since Julius Caesar's expeditions in 55 and 54 BC, and Roman economic and cultural influence was a significant part of the British late pre-Roman Iron Age, especially in the south.
Londinium, also known as Roman London, was the capital of Roman Britain during most of the period of Roman rule. Most twenty-first century historians think that it was originally a settlement established shortly after the Claudian invasion of Britain, on the current site of the City of London, around 47–50 AD, [4] [5] [3] but some defend an older view that the city originated in a defensive ...
The Romans eventually withdrew to a line in what is now northern England, building the fortification known as Hadrian's Wall from coast to coast. [39] Around 141, the Romans undertook a reoccupation of southern Scotland, moving up to construct a new limes between the Firth of Forth and the Firth of Clyde, which became the Antonine Wall.