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  2. Crescentii - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescentii

    In the countryside, Crescentii castles concentrated a cluster of population that depended on them for their defense and were dependable armed members of the Crescentii clientage. After Sergius IV's death (1012), the Crescentii simply installed their candidate, Gregory, in the Lateran, without the assent of the cardinals. A struggle flared ...

  3. Duchy of Gaeta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Gaeta

    The Duchy of Gaeta (Latin: Ducatus Caietae) was an early medieval state centered on the coastal South Italian city of Gaeta. It began in the early ninth century as the local community began to grow autonomous as Byzantine power lagged in the Mediterranean and the peninsula due to Lombard and Saracen incursions.

  4. List of dukes of Gaeta - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_dukes_of_Gaeta

    In 1058, Gaeta was made subject to the count of Aversa, by then prince of Capua. Pandulf I (1032–1038) Pandulf II (1032–1038), co–duke; Leo II (1042), a member of the Docibilan family; Guaimar (1042–1045) Ranulf (1042–1045) Asclettin (1045) Atenulf I (1045–1062), also count of Aquino; Atenulf II (1062–1064), also count of Aquino

  5. Encastellation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encastellation

    Encastellation (sometimes castellation, which can also mean crenellation) is the process whereby the feudal kingdoms of Europe became dotted with castles, from which local lords could dominate the countryside of their fiefs and their neighbours', and from which kings could command even the far-off corners of their realms.

  6. List of popes by country - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_popes_by_country

    Coat of Arms of the Holy See. This page is a list of popes by country of origin. They are listed in chronological order within each section. As the office of pope has existed for almost two millennia, many of the countries of origin of popes no longer exist, and so they are grouped under their modern equivalents.

  7. Codex diplomaticus Caietanus - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_diplomaticus_Caietanus

    The Codex diplomaticus Caietanus (CDC) is an edited collection of documents (diplomas) pertaining to the south Italian city of Gaeta in the Middle Ages, from the eighth century to the fourteenth. The collection represents "for its geographically restricted range ... a relative abundance of sources". [ 1 ]

  8. Bell tower of the Gaeta Cathedral - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower_of_the_Gaeta...

    The bell tower of Gaeta Cathedral is located behind the building, in Pope Gelasius Square, overlooking the Gulf of Gaeta. [1] Built in the Romanesque style with strong Arab-Norman influence, [2] [3] it is 57 meters high, [4] was built beginning in 1148 and was completed in 1279 with the construction of the apex tower.

  9. José Guerrero de Torres - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/José_Guerrero_de_Torres

    José Guerrero de Torres was born in Antequera, Spain on 21 February 1641 and ordained a priest in the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine. [2] On 13 April 1693, he was appointed Bishop of Gaeta by Pope Innocent XII.