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2. Philadelphia rod - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_rod

   The rod is used in levelling procedures to determine elevations and is read using a level. A Philadelphia rod consists of two sliding sections graduated in hundredths of a foot. On the front of the rod the graduation increasing from zero at the bottom. On the back of the rod the graduation decrease from 13.09 ft at the bottom to 7 ft.

3. Level staff - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_staff

   Topographer's rods are special purpose rods used in topographical surveys. The rod has the zero mark at mid-height and the graduations increase in both directions away from the mid-height. In use, the rod is adjusted so that the zero point is level with the instrument (or the surveyor's eye if he is using a hand level for low-resolution work).

4. Level (optical instrument) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_(optical_instrument)

   The complete unit is normally mounted on a tripod, and the telescope can freely rotate 360° in a horizontal plane.The surveyor adjusts the instrument's level by coarse adjustment of the tripod legs and fine adjustment using three precision levelling screws on the instrument to make the rotational plane horizontal.

5. Theodolite - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite

   A theodolite (/ θ i ˈ ɒ d ə ˌ l aɪ t /) [1] is a precision optical instrument for measuring angles between designated visible points in the horizontal and vertical planes. The traditional use has been for land surveying , but it is also used extensively for building and infrastructure construction , and some specialized applications such ...

6. Stadiametric rangefinding - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadiametric_rangefinding

   Stadiametric rangefinding, or the stadia method, is a technique of measuring distances with a telescopic instrument. The term stadia comes from a Greek unit of length Stadion (equal to 600 Greek feet, pous ) which was the typical length of a sports stadium of the time.

7. Rangefinder - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder

   At the point to be measured, two sliding targets on a surveyor's rod were adjusted to align with the hairs in the telescope. The distance to the rod could then be determined from the distance between the targets on the rod by trigonometry. [1] Several others have been credited with the invention of the rangefinder telemeter at one time or another.