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Progesterone causes many changes to the genitourinary system. A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increase blood volume and vasculature. Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureter, which are normal. [33]
The effect of infertility can lead to social shaming from internal and social norms surrounding pregnancy, which affects women around the world. [68] When pregnancy is considered such an important event in life, and considered a "socially unacceptable condition", it can lead to a search for treatment in the form of traditional healers and ...
Hormones are synthesized in certain organs, including the ovaries, placenta, and pituitary gland. [1] These hormones have essential functions in pregnancy test, maintaining the uterine lining, fetal development, preventing premature labor, and the initiation and support of labor.
Many nonhuman studies can be used as both potential models for humans and to show the phylogenetic conservation of some endocrine signals. [1] Estrogen and progesterone released by ovaries during pregnancy make oxytocin receptors more sensitive in female rats [8] and is associated with the onset of maternal behaviors in other species as well.
The risk of a multiple gestation pregnancy with gonadotropins is 36%. [2] Ovarian stimulation with clomiphene, aromatase inhibitors, or gonadotropins (especially when combined with intrauterine insemination) have a risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome which may occur in 1-5% of cycles and presents as ascites, electrolyte abnormalities and ...
Stress on the mother during pregnancy can lead to issues in cognitive development, social development and more. [10] A great deal of brain development happens during the fetal period in pregnancy and the progress happens rapidly in this stage. [11]
Maternal fetal stress transfer is a physiological phenomenon in which psychosocial stress experienced by a mother during her pregnancy can be transferred to the fetus. Psychosocial stress describes the brain's physiological response to perceived social threat. Because of a link in blood supply between a mother and fetus, it has been found that ...
Male humans who had their testicular function suppressed with a GnRH antagonist displayed decreases in sexual desire and masturbation two weeks following the procedure. [2] Research from male rhesus monkeys suggests testosterone functions to increase sexual motivation, thereby motivating males to compete for access to sexual partners.