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Thyroid nodules are nodules (raised areas of tissue or fluid) which commonly arise within an otherwise normal thyroid gland. [1] They may be hyperplastic or tumorous, but only a small percentage of thyroid tumors are malignant. Small, asymptomatic nodules are common, and often go unnoticed. [2]
Diagram showing the T stages of bladder cancer. T: size or direct extent of the primary tumor Tx: tumor cannot be assessed; Tis: carcinoma in situ; T0: no evidence of tumor; T1, T2, T3, T4: size and/or extension of the primary tumor; N: degree of spread to regional lymph nodes. Nx: lymph nodes cannot be assessed; N0: no regional lymph nodes ...
Thyroid neoplasm is a neoplasm or tumor of the thyroid. It can be a benign tumor such as thyroid adenoma, [1] or it can be a malignant neoplasm (thyroid cancer), such as papillary, follicular, medullary or anaplastic thyroid cancer. [2] Most patients are 25 to 65 years of age when first diagnosed; women are more affected than men.
Thyroid cancer accounts for less than 1% of cancer cases and deaths in the UK. Around 2,700 people were diagnosed with thyroid cancer in the UK in 2011, and around 370 people died from the disease in 2012. [69] However, in South Korea, thyroid cancer was the 5th most prevalent cancer, which accounted for 7.7% of new cancer cases in 2020. [70]
Regular monitoring mainly consists of watching for changes in nodule size and symptoms, and repeat ultrasonography or needle aspiration biopsy if the nodule grows. [8] For patients with benign thyroid adenomata, thyroid lobectomy and isthmusectomy is a sufficient surgical treatment.
Cancer staging can be divided into a clinical stage and a pathologic stage. In the TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis) system, clinical stage and pathologic stage are denoted by a small "c" or "p" before the stage (e.g., cT3N1M0 or pT2N0). This staging system is used for most forms of cancer, except brain tumors and hematological malignancies.
Papillary thyroid cancer (papillary thyroid carcinoma, [1] PTC) is the most common type of thyroid cancer, [2] representing 75 percent to 85 percent of all thyroid cancer cases. [1] It occurs more frequently in women and presents in the 20–55 year age group.
The thyroid cancer recurrence rate is reported to range from 7% to 14%. Recurrence is usually detected within the first decade after the initial disease diagnosis. Large lymph node metastasis is considered the strongest predictor for thyroid cancer recurrence. Post-treatment surveillance for recurrent disease depends on the cancer type and staging.