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Boat shoes (also known as deck shoes or top-siders) are typically canvas or leather with non-marking rubber soles designed for use on a boat. A siping pattern is cut into the soles to provide grip on a wet deck; the leather construction, along with the application of oil, is designed to repel water; and the stitching is highly durable.
Vibram S.p.A. is an Italian company based in Albizzate, Italy, that both manufactures and licenses the production of Vibram-branded rubber outsoles for footwear.The company is named after its founder, Vitale Bramani, [1] who is credited with inventing the first rubber lug soles. [2]
Today flexible plastics such as PVC are often used. Galoshes are overshoes, and not to be confused with the form of large slip-on rubber boots (known in the United Kingdom as Wellington boots). A protective layer (made variously of leather, rubber, or synthetic ripstop material) that only wraps around a shoe's upper is known as a spat or gaiter.
The outsole is the layer in direct contact with the ground. Dress shoes often have leather or resin rubber outsoles; casual or work-oriented shoes have outsoles made of natural rubber or a synthetic material like polyurethane. The outsole may comprise a single piece or may be an assembly of separate pieces, often of different materials.
Siping is a process of cutting thin slits across a rubber surface to improve traction in wet or icy conditions. Siping was invented and patented in 1923 under the name of John F. Sipe . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The story told on various websites is that, in the 1920s, Sipe worked in a slaughterhouse and grew tired of slipping on the wet floors.
Last year, a member of our research team took a trip to Disneyland and wore a pair of Hoka Cliftons for 14 hours straight — and could not rave enough at the result. "They were the only shoes ...
Footwear outsole impressions are impressions left on an object that was caused by contact with a piece of footwear. These can be left on the ground or raised surface by persons treading over it, left on doors or walls by persons attempting to kick or climb over a wall or even left on other persons after being kicked or stomped on.
The spikes are rectangular in shape, and can be made of rubber, plastic, or metal. Rubber cleats may feature grooves and smaller protrusions in the middle of the sole, while soft rubber spikes would be around the edges of the sole and at the heel. Plastic cleats are similar to rubber spikes.