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Composition (visual arts) The term composition means "putting together". It can be thought of as the organization of the elements of art according to the principles of art. Composition can apply to any work of art, from music through writing and into photography, that is arranged using conscious thought. In the visual arts, composition is often ...
Scale factor (cosmology) The expansion of the universe is parametrized by a dimensionless scale factor . Also known as the cosmic scale factor or sometimes the Robertson–Walker scale factor, [1] this is a key parameter of the Friedmann equations. In the early stages of the Big Bang, most of the energy was in the form of radiation, and that ...
A positive, zero or negative value of corresponds to a respectively closed, flat or open universe. The constants and are Newton's gravitational constant and the speed of light, respectively. Cosmologists often simplify this equation by defining a critical density, . For a given value of , this is defined as the density required for a flat ...
Elements of art are stylistic features that are included within an art piece to help the artist communicate. [1] The seven most common elements include line, shape, texture, form, space, color and value, with the additions of mark making, and materiality. [1][2] When analyzing these intentionally utilized elements, the viewer is guided towards ...
The parameter k discussed below takes the value 0, 1, −1, or the Gaussian curvature, in these three cases respectively. It is this fact that allows us to sensibly speak of a "scale factor" a(t). Einstein's equations now relate the evolution of this scale factor to the pressure and energy of the matter in the universe.
The horizon problem (also known as the homogeneity problem) is a cosmological fine-tuning problem within the Big Bang model of the universe. It arises due to the difficulty in explaining the observed homogeneity of causally disconnected regions of space in the absence of a mechanism that sets the same initial conditions everywhere.
The evolution of the universe and its horizons in proper distances. The x-axis is distance, in billions of light years; the left-hand y-axis is time, in billions of years since the Big Bang; the right-hand y-axis is the scale factor. This is the same model as in the earlier figure, with dark energy and an event horizon.
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