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  2. Endodermis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endodermis

    The endodermis is the innermost layer of cortex in land plants. It is a cylinder of compact living cells, the radial walls of which are impregnated with hydrophobic substances (Casparian strip) to restrict apoplastic flow of water to the inside. [1] The endodermis is the boundary between the cortex and the stele.

  3. Bølling–Allerød Interstadial - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bølling–Allerød...

    The wet tundra soils and spruce bogs that exist today were absent. Cold temperatures and massive ice sheets covered most of Canada and the northwest coast, thus preventing human colonization of North America prior to 16,000 years ago.

  4. Geothermal gradient - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_gradient

    Earth cutaway from core to exosphere Geothermal drill machine in Wisconsin, USA. Temperature within Earth increases with depth. Highly viscous or partially molten rock at temperatures between 650 and 1,200 °C (1,200 and 2,200 °F) are found at the margins of tectonic plates, increasing the geothermal gradient in the vicinity, but only the outer core is postulated to exist in a molten or fluid ...

  5. Earth's internal heat budget - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth's_internal_heat_budget

    Primordial heat is the heat lost by the Earth as it continues to cool from its original formation, and this is in contrast to its still actively-produced radiogenic heat. The Earth core's heat flow—heat leaving the core and flowing into the overlying mantle—is thought to be due to primordial heat, and is estimated at 5–15 TW. [23]

  6. Casparian strip - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casparian_strip

    The discovery of the Casparian strip dates back to the mid-19th century, and advances in the understanding of the endodermis of plant roots. [15] In 1865, the German botanist Robert Caspary first described the endodermis of the root of plants, found that its cell wall was thickened, and named it Schuchtzscheide.

  7. Atmospheric circulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_circulation

    The Earth's atmospheric circulation varies from year to year, but the large-scale structure of its circulation remains fairly constant. The smaller-scale weather systems – mid-latitude depressions , or tropical convective cells – occur chaotically, and long-range weather predictions of those cannot be made beyond ten days in practice, or a ...

  8. Germ layer - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_layer

    A germ layer is a primary layer of cells that forms during embryonic development. [1] The three germ layers in vertebrates are particularly pronounced; however, all eumetazoans (animals that are sister taxa to the sponges) produce two or three primary germ layers.

  9. Mantle convection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_convection

    Mantle convection is the very slow creep of Earth's solid silicate mantle as convection currents carry heat from the interior to the planet's surface. [2] [3] Mantle convection causes tectonic plates to move around the Earth's surface. [4] The Earth's lithosphere rides atop the asthenosphere, and the two form the components of the upper mantle ...