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Absorption is the journey of a drug travelling from the site of administration to the site of action. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The drug travels by some route of administration ( oral , topical-dermal , etc.) in a chosen dosage form (e.g., tablets , capsules , or in solution ). [ 3 ]
In pharmacology, bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption and is the fraction (%) of an administered drug that reaches the systemic circulation. [1]By definition, when a medication is administered intravenously, its bioavailability is 100%.
Each of these layers have an effect on the absorption of topical drug. [1] When the topical drug is applied to the skin, it must pass via the stratum corneum, which is the outermost skin layer. [8] Stratum corneum's function includes prevention of water loss in skin and inhibit the penetration of foreign molecules into the dermal layers. [8]
[1] [2] The effect is most associated with orally administered medications, but some drugs still undergo first-pass metabolism even when delivered via an alternate route (e.g., IV, IM, etc.). [3] During this metabolism, drug is lost during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. The liver is the major ...
A limiting factor in the adsorption of pharmaceutical drugs is the degree to which they are ionized, as cell membranes are relatively impermeable to ionized molecules. The characteristics of a medication's excipient play a fundamental role in creating a suitable environment for the correct absorption of a drug.
Drug metabolism is the metabolic breakdown of drugs by living organisms, usually through specialized enzymatic systems. More generally, xenobiotic metabolism (from the Greek xenos "stranger" and biotic "related to living beings") is the set of metabolic pathways that modify the chemical structure of xenobiotics, which are compounds foreign to an organism's normal biochemistry, such as any drug ...
Systemic administration is a route of administration of medication, nutrition or other substance into the circulatory system so that the entire body is affected. [1] Administration can take place via enteral administration (absorption of the drug through the gastrointestinal tract) [ 2 ] or parenteral administration (generally injection ...
Enterohepatic circulation of drugs. Enterohepatic circulation is the circulation of biliary acids, bilirubin, drugs or other substances from the liver to the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.