Search results
Results from the WOW.Com Content Network
The reflux system in a typical industrial distillation column. Reflux is a technique involving the condensation of vapors and the return of this condensate to the system from which it originated. It is used in industrial [1] and laboratory [2] distillations. It is also used in chemistry to supply energy to reactions over a long period of time.
In chemistry, a condenser is laboratory apparatus used to condense vapors – that is, turn them into liquids – by cooling them down. [1] Condensers are routinely used in laboratory operations such as distillation, reflux, and extraction. In distillation, a mixture is heated until the more volatile components boil off, the vapors are ...
The rectifying section operating line for the section above the inlet feed stream of the distillation column (shown in green in Figure 1) starts at the intersection of the distillate composition line and the x = y line and continues at a downward slope of L / (D + L), where L is the molar flow rate of reflux and D is the molar flow rate of the ...
The reflux ratio, which is the ratio of the (internal) reflux to the overhead product, is conversely related to the theoretical number of stages required for efficient separation of the distillation products. Fractional distillation towers or columns are designed to achieve the required separation efficiently.
The calculation process requires the availability of a great deal of vapor–liquid equilibrium data for the components present in the distillation feed, and the calculation procedure is very complex. [2] [3] In an industrial distillation column, the N t required to achieve a given separation also depends upon the amount of reflux used. Using ...
Distillation, also classical distillation, is the process of separating the component substances of a liquid mixture of two or more chemically discrete substances; the separation process is realized by way of the selective boiling of the mixture and the condensation of the vapors in a still.
Inside the column, the downflowing reflux liquid provides cooling and condensation of upflowing vapors thereby increasing the efficacy of the distillation tower. The more reflux and/or more trays provided, the better is the tower's separation of lower boiling materials from higher boiling materials.
The Marcusson apparatus, Dean-Stark apparatus, Dean–Stark receiver, distilling trap, or Dean–Stark Head is a piece of laboratory glassware used in synthetic chemistry to collect water [1] [2] (or occasionally other liquid) from a reactor. It is used in combination with a reflux condenser and a distillation flask for the separation of water ...