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Beamforming or spatial filtering is a signal processing technique used in sensor arrays for directional signal transmission or reception. [1] This is achieved by combining elements in an antenna array in such a way that signals at particular angles experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference.
Adaptive beamforming was initially developed in the 1960s for the military applications of sonar and radar. [1] There exist several modern applications for beamforming, one of the most visible applications being commercial wireless networks such as LTE. Initial applications of adaptive beamforming were largely focused in radar and electronic ...
The goal is to perform beamforming such that the beam appears stationary as the airborne radar is in motion over discrete time periods so the clutter appears without Doppler. [2] However, phase errors can cause significant degradation since the algorithm is not adaptive to the returned data. [2]
Digital beamforming of DAA has advantages because the digital signals can be transformed and combined in parallel, to produce different output signals. The signals from every direction can be estimated simultaneously and integrated for a longer time to increasing of signals energy when detecting far-off objects and simultaneously integrated for ...
Time domain beamformer works by introducing time delays. The basic operation is called "delay and sum". It delays the incoming signal from each array element by a certain amount of time, and then adds them together. A Butler matrix allows several beams to be formed simultaneously, or one beam to be scanned through an arc. The most common kind ...
A Butler matrix is a beamforming network used to feed a phased array of antenna elements. Its purpose is to control the direction of a beam, or beams, of radio transmission . It consists of an n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} matrix ( n {\displaystyle n} some power of two) with hybrid couplers and fixed-value phase shifters at the junctions.
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Precoding is a generalization of beamforming to support multi-stream (or multi-layer) transmission in multi-antenna wireless communications. In conventional single-stream beamforming, the same signal is emitted from each of the transmit antennas with appropriate weighting (phase and gain) such that the signal power is maximized at the receiver output.