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These studies were followed by contributions of several investigators, who were primarily interested in the link between fever and infection/inflammation. [1] The basis for the term "interleukin" was to streamline the growing number of biological properties attributed to soluble factors from macrophages and lymphocytes. IL-1 was the name given ...
Illustrated schematic of monocytes, monocyte-derived macrophages, and liver-resident Kupffer cells. Monocytes and macrophages are mononuclear phagocytes. Monocytes circulate in the blood and are capable of differentiating into macrophages or dendritic cells, and macrophages are terminally differentiated tissue-resident cells.
The intermediate monocyte expresses high levels of CD14 and low levels of CD16 (CD14 ++ CD16 + monocytes). While in humans the level of CD14 expression can be used to differentiate non-classical and intermediate monocytes, the slan (6-Sulfo LacNAc) cell surface marker was shown to give an unequivocal separation of the two cell types. [10] [11]
The activation of T H 1 and M1 macrophage is a positive feedback loop, with IFN-γ from T H 1 cells upregulating CD40 expression on macrophages; the interaction between CD40 on the macrophages and CD40L on T cells activate macrophages to secrete IL-12; and IL-12 promotes more IFN-γ secretion from T H 1 cells.
Interleukin 10 (IL-10) is a protein that inhibits the synthesis of a number of cytokines, including IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF, and GM-CSF produced by activated macrophages and by helper T cells. In structure, IL-10 is a protein of about 160 amino acids that contains four conserved cysteines involved in disulphide bonds. [ 33 ]
Monocytes exit the circulation and migrate into tissue, whereupon they mature into macrophages and dendritic cells. Thus, it is part of the immune / inflammatory cascade , by which activation of a small number of macrophages can rapidly lead to an increase in their numbers, a process crucial for fighting infection .
The difference between M1 macrophages and Mregs is, inter alia, that Mregs secrete high levels of IL-10 and simultaneously low levels of IL-12. Out of all macrophages , Mregs show the highest expression of MHC II molecules and co-stimulatory molecules ( CD80 / CD86 ), which differentiates them from the alternatively activated macrophages, which ...
Macrophage polarization is a process by which macrophages adopt different functional programs in response to the signals from their microenvironment. This ability is connected to their multiple roles in the organism: they are powerful effector cells of the innate immune system, but also important in removal of cellular debris, embryonic development and tissue repair.