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The global average covers 97-98% of Earth's surface, excluding only latitudes above +85 degrees, below -85 degrees and, in the cases of TLT and TMT, some areas with land above 1500 m altitude. The hemispheric averages are over the northern and southern hemispheres 0 to +/-85 degrees. The gridded data provide an almost global temperature map. [3]
The blue line represents global surface temperature reconstructed over the last 2,000 years using proxy data from tree rings, corals, and ice cores. [1] The red line shows direct surface temperature measurements since 1880. [2] Global surface temperature (GST) is the average temperature of Earth's surface.
Original source page, titled "Global Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2019" Visualizations by Lori Perkins, includes the descriptions: "This color-coded map in Robinson projection displays a progression of changing global surface temperature anomalies. Normal temperatures are the average over the 30 year baseline period 1951-1980.
Satellite temperature measurements are ... study urban heat islands and monitor the global climate. ... Sea surface temperature anomalies for a given month compared ...
Temperature anomaly is the difference, positive or negative, of a temperature from a base or reference value, normally chosen as an average of temperatures over a certain reference or base period. In atmospheric sciences , the average temperature is commonly calculated over a period of at least 30 years over a homogeneous geographic region, or ...
NASA Earth science satellite fleet as of September 2020, planned through 2023. Earth observation satellite missions developed by the ESA as of 2019. Earth observation satellites are Earth-orbiting spacecraft with sensors used to collect imagery and measurements of the surface of the earth. These satellites are used to monitor short-term weather ...
The temperature on land rose by 1.59 °C while over the ocean it rose by 0.88 °C. [3] In 2020 the temperature was 1.2 °C above the pre-industrial era. [4] In September 2023 the temperature was 1.75 °C above pre-industrial level and during the entire year of 2023 is expected to be 1.4 °C above it. [5]
The Equal Earth compared to similar equal-area pseudocylindrical projections. The first known thematic map published using the Equal Earth projection is a map of the global mean temperature anomaly for July 2018, produced by the NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies. [7]