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Background radiation is a measure of the level of ionizing radiation present in the environment ... such as in the International Space Station or the Space Shuttle, ...
In interplanetary space, however, it is believed that thin aluminium shielding would give a net increase in radiation exposure; thicker shielding would be needed to block the secondary radiation. [35] [36] Studies of space radiation shielding should include tissue- or water-equivalent shielding along with the shielding material under study.
The Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE / ˈ k oʊ b i / KOH-bee), also referred to as Explorer 66, was a NASA satellite dedicated to cosmology, which operated from 1989 to 1993.Its goals were to investigate the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB or CMBR) of the universe and provide measurements that would help shape our understanding of the cosmos.
The LACE satellite, Space Shuttle, and ground station during an observation attempt. Several attempts were made between 1990 and 1992 to image the plumes fired by the Space Shuttle from its Orbital Maneuvering System pods and Reaction Control System thrusters as it orbited in low-earth orbit at a lower orbital inclination than LACE. The UVPI ...
Following 14 years of effort, the observatory was launched from Space Shuttle Atlantis during STS-37 on April 5, 1991, and operated until its deorbit on June 4, 2000. [3] It was deployed in low Earth orbit at 450 km (280 mi) to avoid the Van Allen radiation belt. It was the heaviest astrophysical payload ever flown at that time at 16,300 ...
ERBS carried three instruments the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) Scanner, the ERBE non-scanner and Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE II). ERBE was a continuation of the Radiation Budget studies carried out by Nimbus-6 and 7. SAGE-II was a follow-on to the SAGE satellite which lasted from 1979 to 1981.
NASA's Long Duration Exposure Facility, or LDEF (pronounced "eldef"), was a cylindrical facility designed to provide long-term experimental data on the outer space environment and its effects on space systems, materials, operations and selected spores' survival. [2] [3] It was placed in low Earth orbit by Space Shuttle Challenger in April
The Space Shuttle is a retired, ... Historical background ... of white fire-retardant latex paint to provide protection against damage from ultraviolet radiation.