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It is worth mentioning that, the equation (see previous section) is an integration of zenithal path on the grid points of pressure, temperature and relative humidity to measure atmospheric phase delays. These parameters are available in the ERA5 data: (ERA5 data download link Archived 2023-12-17 at the Wayback Machine)
A new reanalysis product ERA5 has more recently been released by ECMWF as part of Copernicus Climate Change Services. This product has higher spatial resolution (31 km) and covers the period from 1979 to present.
An atmospheric reanalysis (also: meteorological reanalysis and climate reanalysis) is a meteorological and climate data assimilation project which aims to assimilate historical atmospheric observational data spanning an extended period, using a single consistent assimilation (or "analysis") scheme throughout.
The concept of potential temperature applies to any stratified fluid. It is most frequently used in the atmospheric sciences and oceanography. [2] The reason that it is used in both fields is that changes in pressure can result in warmer fluid residing under colder fluid – examples being dropping air temperature with altitude and increasing water temperature with depth in very deep ocean ...
Diagram of a newly formed planet in a state of hydrostatic equilibrium. In fluid mechanics, hydrostatic equilibrium (hydrostatic balance, hydrostasy) is the condition of a fluid or plastic solid at rest, which occurs when external forces, such as gravity, are balanced by a pressure-gradient force. [1]
The multivariate ENSO index, abbreviated as MEI, is a method used to characterize the intensity of an El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. Given that ENSO arises from a complex interaction of a variety of climate systems, MEI is regarded as the most comprehensive index for monitoring ENSO since it combines analysis of multiple meteorological and oceanographic components.
Analysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) using ERA5 reanalysis data estimated the pressure of the cyclone as 900.7 mbar (26.60 inHg) early on 17 October while a paper published in Geophysical Research Letters in July 2023 got a minimum pressure of 899.91 mbar (26.574 inHg) the same day. [257] [258]
Water level in wells, ponds and rivers recorded lowest levels and some wells even collapsed. [ 163 ] [ 164 ] Chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan directed the state council for Science, Technology & Environment to carry out studies on the phenomenon after floods across the state, and suggest possible solutions to the problem.