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Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is a form of heart failure in which the ejection fraction – the percentage of the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heartbeat divided by the volume of blood when the left ventricle is maximally filled – is normal, defined as greater than 50%; [1] this may be measured by echocardiography or cardiac catheterization.
Heart failure, or formally cardiomyopathy, is the impaired function of the heart, and there are numerous causes and forms of heart failure. The causes of cardiomyopathy can be genetic, viral, or lifestyle-related. Key symptoms of cardiomyopathy include shortness of breath, fatigue, and irregular heartbeats.
Wild-type transthyretin amyloid accumulates mainly in the heart, where it causes stiffness and often thickening of its walls, leading consequently to shortness of breath and intolerance to exercise, called diastolic dysfunction. Excessively slow heart rate can also occur, such as in sick sinus syndrome, with
Chronic, high intake of dietary salt is associated with hypertension and cardiovascular disease, among other adverse health outcomes. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Major health and scientific organizations, such as the World Health Organization , the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , and the American Heart Association , have established high ...
Right and left ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volume indices, ejection fractions, and the existence of aneurysm generating obstructive outflow are all parameters seen in this research. Exercise intolerance, heart failure signs and symptoms, syncope, and prolonged ventricular tachycardia are all possible symptoms.
Both Valsalva maneuver and standing decrease venous return to the heart thereby decreasing left ventricular diastolic filling and causing more laxity on the chordae tendineae. This allows the mitral valve to prolapse earlier in systole , leading to an earlier systolic click (i.e. closer to S 1 ), and a longer murmur.
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