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  2. Spherical cap - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_cap

    For example, assuming the Earth is a sphere of radius 6371 km, the surface area of the arctic (north of the Arctic Circle, at latitude 66.56° as of August 2016 [7]) is 2π ⋅ 6371 2 | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 21.04 million km 2 (8.12 million sq mi), or 0.5 ⋅ | sin 90° − sin 66.56° | = 4.125% of the total surface area of the Earth.

  3. Sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphere

    The sphere has the smallest surface area of all surfaces that enclose a given volume, and it encloses the largest volume among all closed surfaces with a given surface area. [11] The sphere therefore appears in nature: for example, bubbles and small water drops are roughly spherical because the surface tension locally minimizes surface area.

  4. Circumference - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumference

    The circumference of a sphere is the circumference, ... The last such calculation was performed in 1630 by Christoph ... Area – Size of a two-dimensional surface;

  5. Spherical geometry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_geometry

    The area of a triangle is proportional to the excess of its angle sum over 180°. Two triangles with the same angle sum are equal in area. There is an upper bound for the area of triangles. The composition (product) of two reflections-across-a-great-circle may be considered as a rotation about either of the points of intersection of their axes.

  6. n-sphere - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-sphere

    A set of points drawn from a uniform distribution on the surface of a unit 2-sphere, generated using Marsaglia's algorithm. To generate uniformly distributed random points on the unit ⁠ ⁠-sphere (that is, the surface of the unit ⁠ ⁠-ball), Marsaglia (1972) gives the following algorithm.

  7. Great-circle distance - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_distance

    A diagram illustrating great-circle distance (drawn in red) between two points on a sphere, P and Q. Two antipodal points, u and v are also shown. The great-circle distance, orthodromic distance, or spherical distance is the distance between two points on a sphere, measured along the great-circle arc between them. This arc is the shortest path ...

  8. Surface area - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_area

    A sphere of radius r has surface area 4πr 2.. The surface area (symbol A) of a solid object is a measure of the total area that the surface of the object occupies. [1] The mathematical definition of surface area in the presence of curved surfaces is considerably more involved than the definition of arc length of one-dimensional curves, or of the surface area for polyhedra (i.e., objects with ...

  9. Spheroid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spheroid

    The equitorial circumference of a spheroid ... a spheroid is the circumference of a sphere of equal ... oblate can be used to calculate the surface area of a ...