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In biology and medicine, gravidity and parity are the number of times a female has been pregnant (gravidity) and carried the pregnancies to a viable gestational age (parity). [1] These two terms are usually coupled, sometimes with additional terms, to indicate more details of the female's obstetric history. [ 2 ]
Parity of even and odd functions; Parity (physics), a symmetry property of physical quantities or processes under spatial inversion; Parity (biology), the number of times a female has given birth; gravidity and parity represent pregnancy and viability, respectively; Parity (charity), UK equal rights organisation; Parity (law), legal principle
In scientific literature, the term is commonly abbreviated to Px, where x is a number; for example, "day P5" should be read as "the fifth day after birth". This is not to be confused with the medical nomenclature that uses G P to stand for number and outcomes of pregnancy (gravidity and parity).
Pregnancy is the time during which one or more offspring develops inside a woman's uterus (womb). [4] [13] A multiple pregnancy involves more than one offspring, such as with twins. [14] Pregnancy usually occurs by sexual intercourse, but can also occur through assisted reproductive technology procedures. [6]
Pregnancy itself is a factor of hypercoagulability (pregnancy-induced hypercoagulability), as a physiologically adaptive mechanism to prevent post partum bleeding. [41] However, when combined with an additional underlying hypercoagulable states, the risk of thrombosis or embolism may become substantial.
In human pregnancy, prenatal development is also called antenatal development. The development of the human embryo follows fertilization , and continues as fetal development . By the end of the tenth week of gestational age , the embryo has acquired its basic form and is referred to as a fetus .
The traditional modes of reproduction include oviparity, taken to be the ancestral condition, traditionally where either unfertilised oocytes or fertilised eggs are spawned, and viviparity traditionally including any mechanism where young are born live, or where the development of the young is supported by either parent in or on any part of their body.
An example of an iteroparous organism is a human—humans are biologically capable of having offspring many times over the course of their lives. Iteroparous vertebrates include all birds, most reptiles, virtually all mammals, and most fish. Among invertebrates, most mollusca and many insects (for example, mosquitoes and cockroaches) are ...