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The physical background of the mixing rule is the fact that the heat energy of a substance is directly proportional to its mass and its absolute temperature. The proportionality factor is the specific heat capacity, which depends on the nature of the substance, but which was not described until some time after Richmann's discovery by Joseph Black.
"There are questions about the long-term effectiveness of interventions for those addicted to drugs or alcohol. A study examining addicts who had undergone a classic intervention, known as the Johnson Intervention, found that they had a higher relapse rate than any other method of referral to outpatient Alcohol and Other Drug treatment". [17]
The life-process model of addiction is the view that addiction is not a disease but rather a habitual response and a source of gratification and security that can be understood only in the context of social relationships and experiences. This model of addiction is in opposition to the disease model of addiction.
Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is a biopsychological situation whereby an individual's functionality is dependent on the necessitated re-consumption of a psychoactive substance because of an adaptive state that has developed within the individual from psychoactive substance consumption that results in the experience of withdrawal and that necessitates the re-consumption ...
addiction – a biopsychosocial disorder characterized by persistent use of drugs (including alcohol) despite substantial harm and adverse consequences addictive drug – psychoactive substances that with repeated use are associated with significantly higher rates of substance use disorders, due in large part to the drug's effect on brain ...
In general medicine and psychiatry, recovery has long been used to refer to the end of a particular experience or episode of illness.The broader concept of "recovery" as a general philosophy and model was first popularized in regard to recovery from substance abuse/drug addiction, for example within twelve-step programs or the California Sober method.
Alcoholics Anonymous is the largest of all of the twelve-step programs (from which all other twelve-step programs are derived), followed by Narcotics Anonymous; the majority of twelve-step members are recovering from addiction to alcohol or other drugs. The majority of twelve-step programs, however, address illnesses other than substance addiction.
SMART Recovery is based on scientific knowledge and is intended to evolve as scientific knowledge evolves. [4] The program uses principles of motivational interviewing, found in motivational enhancement therapy (MET), [5] and techniques taken from rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), as well as scientifically validated research on treatment. [6]