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An estimand is a quantity that is to be estimated in a statistical analysis. [1] The term is used to distinguish the target of inference from the method used to obtain an approximation of this target (i.e., the estimator ) and the specific value obtained from a given method and dataset (i.e., the estimate ). [ 2 ]
Intention to treat analyses are done to avoid the effects of crossover and dropout, which may break the random assignment to the treatment groups in a study. ITT analysis provides information about the potential effects of treatment policy rather than on the potential effects of specific treatment. [citation needed]
This analysis can be restricted to only the participants who fulfill the protocol in terms of the eligibility, adherence to the intervention, and outcome assessment. This analysis is known as an "on-treatment" or "per protocol" analysis. A per-protocol analysis represents a "best-case scenario" to reveal the effect of the drug being studied.
The average treatment effect (ATE) is a measure used to compare treatments (or interventions) in randomized experiments, evaluation of policy interventions, and medical trials. The ATE measures the difference in mean (average) outcomes between units assigned to the treatment and units assigned to the control.
In the presence of non-compliance, the ATE can no longer be recovered. Instead, what is recovered is the average treatment effect for a certain subpopulation known as the compliers, which is the LATE. When there may exist heterogeneous treatment effects across groups, the LATE is unlikely to be equivalent to the ATE.
Treatment effect An effect attributed to a treatment in a clinical trial. In most clinical trials the treatment effect of interest is a comparison (or contrast) of two or more treatments. (ICH E9) Treatment emergent An event that emerges during treatment having been absent pre-treatment, or worsens relative to the pre-treatment state. (ICH E9)
In medical research, a dynamic treatment regime (DTR), adaptive intervention, or adaptive treatment strategy is a set of rules for choosing effective treatments for individual patients. [1] Historically, medical research and the practice of medicine tended to rely on an acute care model for the treatment of all medical problems, including ...
With a binary post-treatment covariate (e.g. attrition) and a binary treatment (e.g. "treatment" and "control") there are four possible strata in which subjects could be: those who always stay in the study regardless of which treatment they were assigned; those who would always drop-out of the study regardless of which treatment they were assigned